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The next big leap for volcanology is expected when robotically operated rovers like the ones sent to the moon or Mars can be used in volcanoes, said Dr Troll, who thinks knowledge from those rovers could guide how to rebuild the tourism-dependent island. Its experts have also been able to observe how large plumes of sulphur dioxide, a toxic gas, have travelled long distances across North Africa, the European mainland and even as far as the Caribbean.Īt sea, Spanish research vessels are studying the impact the eruption is having on the marine ecosystem as fingers of lava extend out beyond the coast.
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The European Union's Copernicus satellite program has produced high-resolution imagery and mapping of the island to track quake-induced deformations, leading to near real-time tracking of lava flows and ash accumulation. The Canary Islands eruptions are a rare opportunity for researchers. Much of that is due to new technologies in volcanology: everything from drones that allow scientists to peek into a volcanic cauldron to supercomputers that run prediction algorithms.
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They weren't able to predict the exact time of the eruption, but their assessments prompted authorities to begin the first evacuations just hours before it took place on September 19.Īlthough one man died in November when he fell from a roof while cleaning off volcanic ash, there have been no deaths directly linked to the eruption. When magma started accumulating deep under La Palma's Cumbre Vieja range, scientists were measuring the surge on the land's surface, concentrations of quakes known as seismic swarms and other signs of an impending eruption. Still, trying to compare notes with previous eruptions involves delving into centuries-old records, some from a time when photography did not exist. Ten weeks of eruptions have caused damage to hectares of the Canary Islands environment. "We are learning so much about how volcanoes work." "It's been mind-blowing, literally, to see this dynamism in action," the geologist said. The previous land volcano erupted in La Palma in 1971, the year when Valentin Troll, an expert in rocks with Sweden's Uppsala University and co-author of a geology study of the archipelago, was born. The last eruption, a decade ago on the southern island of El Hierro, happened just off the coast, which made it more difficult for volcanologists trying to collect samples. Some of the Canary Islands are still growing due to magma accumulating underneath and, as is happening in La Palma, by forming lava peninsulas beyond the coastline. Volcanic eruptions are a once or twice-in-a-generation event in the Canary Islands archipelago, which lies 100 kilometres north-west of Africa.
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"We are probably beginning to know the stars better than what happens under our feet," he said. "There has been a lot of progress in the last 30 or 40 years in the understanding of geological and evolutionary processes, but it's still difficult to know for sure what happens at 40 to 80 kilometres of depth," said Pedro Hernández, an expert with the Canary Islands' volcanology institute, Involcan. The deepest that humans have been able to drill into the planet's crust has been just over 12 kilometres, a feat that Soviet scientists achieved in 1989. ( AP Photo: Taner Orribo)īut despite recent technological and scientific leaps, the researchers can only do a lot of estimating of what happens in the underworld where magma is formed and melts any human-made equipment. Scientists from around the world have flocked to the Canary Islands. They are applying cutting-edge technologies to scrutinise a rare volcanic eruption from the land, the sea, the air - and even space.Īs in the two dozen other major live eruptions across the planet, from Hawaii to Indonesia, the ultimate goal on La Palma is to use a unique window of opportunity to better understand volcanic eruptions: how they form, develop and, even more crucially for the islanders, how and when they end. Scientists from around the world are flocking to La Palma, among Spain's Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, to take advantage of a volcanic eruption happening just an hour's drive from an international airport and the safety of being able to work under the escort of military brigades. On the ground, they collect everything from the tiniest particles to "lava bombs" the size of watermelons that one of nature's most powerful forces hurls as incandescent projectiles. They come with eagle-eyed drones and high-precision instruments.Īided by satellites, they analyse gas emissions and the flows of molten rock.